Terminologia Anatomica(TA)に基づく解剖学

A03_0_00_000

関節系；連結Joints; Articular system(Juncturae; Systema articulare)

関節系；連結【かんせつけい；れんけつ】(これまでの解剖学用語では連結、関節系（Juncturae; Systema articulare）に相当するのものを靱帯学（Syndesmolgia）、関節学（Arthrologia）とよんでいる。骨は結合織の特殊なものであって、線維性結合組織（またはその原型の間葉組織）から、多くの軟骨性の原基を経て、一部は直接に、形成される。いずれにせよ、完成された骨格では、その表面を骨格膜ともいうべき膜状のつよい線維性結合が連続的に被っていて、骨の表面では骨膜、軟骨の表面では軟骨膜、関節の表面では関節包をつくる。骨の連結部では、骨の間にも結合組織性の構造がいろいろな形で残りうる。すなわち、強い結合組織であったり、軟骨であったりする。また骨間組織が消失して関節腔となることもある。このような介在組織の種類と状態によって、骨の連結の可動性は大きく作用され、以前はそれに従って骨の連結を不動関節（結合）Synarthrosis（軟骨結合、靱帯結合、縫合を含む）と可動関節（分離連結）Diarthrosis（関節腔を有する関節）に分け、線維軟骨結合を両者の中間的なものと考えて半関節Amphiarthrosisと呼んでいた。)

関節系；連結(Articular system)

関節系(Joints; Articular system)
頭蓋の連結(Joints of skull)
頭蓋の線維性連結(Cranial fibrous joints)
頭蓋の靱帯結合(Cranial syndesmoses)
- 翼棘靱帯(Pterygospinous ligament)
- 茎突舌骨靱帯(Stylohyoid ligament)
頭蓋の縫合(Cranial sutures)
- 冠状縫合(Coronal suture)
- 矢状縫合(Sagittal suture)
- ラムダ［状］縫合(Lambdoid suture)
- 後頭乳突縫合(Occipitomastoid suture)
- 蝶前頭縫合(Sphenofrontal suture)
- 蝶篩骨縫合(Spheno-ethmoidal suture)
- 蝶鱗縫合(Sphenosquamosal suture)
- 蝶頭頂縫合(Sphenoparietal suture)
- 鱗状縫合(Squamous suture)
- 頭頂乳突縫合(Parietomastoid suture)
  - （鱗乳突縫合）(Squamomastoid suture)
- 前頭鼻骨縫合(Frontonasal suture)
- 前頭篩骨縫合(Fronto-ethmoidal suture)
- 前頭上顎縫合(Frontomaxillary suture)
- 前頭涙骨縫合(Frontolacrimal suture)
- 前頭頬骨縫合(Frontozygomatic suture)
- 頬骨上顎縫合(Zygomaticomaxillary suture)
- 篩骨上顎縫合(Ethmoidomaxillary suture)
- 篩骨涙骨縫合(Ethmoidolacrimal suture)
- 篩骨鋤骨縫合(Sphenovomerine suture)
- 蝶頬骨縫合(Sphenozygomatic suture)
- 蝶上顎縫合(Sphenomaxillary suture)
- 側頭頬骨縫合(Temporozygomatic suture)
- 鼻骨間縫合(Internasal suture)
- 鼻骨上顎縫合(Nasomaxillary suture)
- 涙骨上顎縫合(Lacrimomaxillary suture)
- 涙骨甲介縫合(Lacrimoconchal suture)
- 上顎間縫合(Intermaxillary suture)
- 口蓋上顎縫合(Palatomaxillary suture)
- 口蓋篩骨縫合(Palato-ethmoidal suture)
- 正中口蓋縫合(Median palatine suture)
- 横口蓋縫合(Transverse palatine suture)
歯歯槽関節；釘植(Dento-alveolar syndesmosis; Gomphosis)
- 歯周組織；歯根膜(Periodontium; Periodontal membrane)
- 歯肉(Gingiva)
- 保護歯周組織；歯肉(Gum; Gingiva)
- 付着歯周組織(Inserting periodontium)
  - ［狭義の］歯根膜(Desmodentium; Periodontal fibre)
- セメント質(Cement; Cementum)
- 歯槽骨(Dental alveoli)

頭蓋の軟骨性連結(Cranial cartilaginous joints)
頭蓋の軟骨結合(Cranial synchondroses)
- 蝶後頭軟骨結合(Spheno-occipital synchondrosis)
- 蝶錐体軟骨結合(Sphenopetrosal synchondrosis)
- 錐体後頭軟骨結合(Petro-occipital synchondrosis)
- 後頭内軟骨結合(Intra-occipital synchondroses)
- （後後頭内軟骨結合）(Posterior intra-occipital synchondrosis)
- （前後頭内軟骨結合）(Anterior intra-occipital synchondrosis)
- 蝶篩骨軟骨結合(Spheno-ethmoidal synchondrosis)

頭蓋の関節(Cranial synovial joints)
顎関節(Temporomandibular joint)
- 関節円板(Articular disc)
- 外側靱帯(Lateral ligament)
- 内側靱帯(Medial ligament)
- 上滑膜(Superior synovial membrane)
- 下滑膜(Inferior synovial membrane)
- 蝶下顎靱帯(Sphenomandibular ligament)
- 茎突下顎靱帯(Stylomandibular ligament)
環椎後頭関節(Atlanto-occipital joint)
- 前環椎後頭膜(Anterior atlanto-occipital membrane)
- （前環椎後頭靱帯）(Anterior atlanto-occipital ligament)
- 後環椎後頭膜(Posterior atlanto-occipital membrane)
- 外側環椎後頭靱帯(Lateral atlanto-occipital ligament)

脊柱の連結(Vertebral joints)
脊柱の靱帯結合(Syndesmoses of vertebral column)
- 棘間靱帯(Interspinous ligaments)
- 黄色靱帯(Ligamenta flava)
- 横突間靱帯(Intertransverse ligaments)
- 棘上靱帯(Supraspinous ligament)
- 項靱帯(Ligamentum nuchae; Nuchal ligament)
- 前縦靱帯(Anterior longitudinal ligament)
- 後縦靱帯(Posterior longitudinal ligament)
- 横靱帯(Transverse ligaments)

脊柱の軟骨結合(Synchondroses of vertebral column)
- 椎間結合(Intervertebral joint)
  - 椎間円板(Intervertebral disc)
    - 線維輪(Anulus fibrosus)
    - 髄核(Nucleus pulposus)
脊柱の関節(Vertebral synovial joints)
正中環軸関節(Median atlanto-axial joint)
- 翼状靱帯(Alar ligaments)
- 歯尖靱帯(Apical ligament of dens)
- 環椎十字靱帯(Cruciate ligament of atlas)
  - 縦束(Longitudinal bands)
  - 環椎横靱帯(Transverse ligament of atlas)
- 蓋膜(Tectorial membrane)
外側環軸関節(Lateral atlanto-axial joint)
椎間関節(Zygapophysial joints)
腰仙関節；腰仙連結(Lumbosacral joint)
- 腸腰靱帯(Iliolumbar ligament)
仙尾関節(Sacrococcygeal joint)
- 浅後仙尾靱帯(Superficial posterior sacrococcygeal ligament)
- 深後仙尾靱帯(Deep posterior sacrococcygeal ligament)
- 前仙尾靱帯(Anterior sacrococcygeal ligament)
- 外側仙尾靱帯(Lateral sacrococcygeal ligament)

胸郭の連結(Thoracic joints)
胸郭の靱帯結合(Syndesmoses of thorax)
- 外肋間膜；肋間外膜(External intercostal membrane)
- 内肋間膜(Internal intercostal membrane)

胸郭の軟骨結合(Synchondroses of thorax)
- 肋胸軟骨関節；肋胸骨関節(Costosternal joint)
- 第一肋骨の軟骨結合(Synchondrosis of first rib)
- 胸骨結合(Sternal synchondroses)
  - 胸骨剣結合(Xiphisternal joint)
  - 胸骨柄軟骨結合(Manubriosternal joint)
  - （胸骨柄結合）(Manubriosternal synchondrosis)
胸郭の関節(Synovial joints of thorax)
肋椎関節(Costovertebral joints)
- 肋骨頭関節(Joint of head of rib)
  - 放射状肋骨頭靱帯(Radiate ligament of head of rib)
  - 関節内肋骨頭靱帯(Intra-articular ligament of head of rib)
- 肋横突関節(Costotransverse joint)
  - 肋横突靱帯(Costotransverse ligament)
    - 上肋横突靱帯(Superior costotransverse ligament)
    - 外側肋横突靱帯(Lateral costotransverse ligament)
  - 腰肋靱帯(Lumbocostal ligament)
  - 肋横突孔(Costotransverse foramen)
胸肋関節(Sternocostal joints)
- 胸骨膜(Sternal membrane)
  - 肋剣靱帯(Costoxiphoid ligaments)
肋骨肋軟骨連結(Costochondral joints)
軟骨間関節(Interchondral joints)

下肢帯の連結；骨盤帯の連結(JOINTS OF PELVIC GIRDLE)

上肢の連結(Joints of upper limb)
上肢帯の連結(JOINTS OF PECTORAL GIRDLE)
上肢帯の靱帯結合(Syndesmoses of pectoral girdle; Syndesmoses of shoulder girdle)
- 烏口肩峰靱帯(Coraco-acromial ligament)
- 上肩甲横靱帯(Superior transverse scapular ligament)
- （下肩甲横靱帯）(Inferior transverse scapular ligament)

上肢帯の関節；上肢帯の滑液結合；胸帯の滑液結合(Synovial joints of pectoral girdle; Synovial joints of shoulder girdle)
肩鎖関節(Acromioclavicular joint)
- 肩鎖靱帯(Acromioclavicular ligament)
- （関節円板）(Articular disc)
- 烏口鎖骨靱帯(Coracoclavicular ligament)
  - 菱形靱帯(Trapezoid ligament)
  - 円錐靱帯(Conoid ligament)
胸鎖関節(Sternoclavicular joint)
- 関節円板(Articular disc)
- 前胸鎖靱帯(Anterior sternoclavicular ligament)
- 後胸鎖靱帯(Posterior sternoclavicular ligament)
- 肋鎖靱帯(Costoclavicular ligament)
- 鎖骨間靱帯(Interclavicular ligament)

自由上肢の連結(JOINTS OF FREE UPPER LIMB)
橈尺靱帯結合(Radio-ulnar syndesmosis)
- 前腕骨間膜(Interosseous membrane of forearm)
- 斜索(Oblique cord)

自由上肢の関節(Synovial joints of free upper limb)
肩関節(Glenohumeral joint; Shoulder joint)
- 関節唇(Glenoid labrum)
- 関節上腕靱帯(Glenohumeral ligaments)
- 烏口上腕靱帯(Coracohumeral ligament)
- 上腕骨横靱帯(Transverse humeral ligament)
肘関節(Elbow joint)
- 腕尺関節(Humero-ulnar joint)
- 腕橈関節(Humeroradial joint)
- 上橈尺関節(Proximal radio-ulnar joint)
- 内側側副靱帯(Ulnar collateral ligament)
- 外側側副靱帯(Radial collateral ligament)
- 橈骨輪状靱帯(Anular ligament of radius)
- 方形靱帯(Quadrate ligament)
- 嚢状陥凹(Sacciform recess)
下橈尺関節(Distal radio-ulnar joint)
- 関節円板(Articular disc)
- 嚢状陥凹(Sacciform recess)
手の関節(Joints of hand)
- 橈骨手根関節(Wrist joint)
  - 背側橈骨手根靱帯(Dorsal radiocarpal ligament)
  - 掌側橈骨手根靱帯(Palmar radiocarpal ligament)
  - 背側尺骨手根靱帯(Dorsal ulnocarpal ligament)
  - 掌側尺骨手根靱帯(Palmar ulnocarpal ligament)
  - 内側手根側副靱帯(Ulnar collateral ligament of wrist joint)
  - 外側手根側副靱帯(Radial collateral ligament of wrist joint)
手根関節；手根間関節(Carpal joints; Intercarpal joints)
- 手根中央関節(Midcarpal joint)
- 放射状手根靱帯(Radiate carpal ligament)
- 背側手根間靱帯(Dorsal intercarpal ligaments)
- 掌側手根間靱帯(Palmar intercarpal ligaments)
- 骨間手根間靱帯(Interosseous intercarpal ligaments)
- 豆状骨関節(Pisiform joint)
  - 豆鈎靱帯(Pisohamate ligament)
  - 豆中手靱帯(Pisometacarpal ligament)
手根管(Carpal tunnel)
- 尺骨管(Ulnar canal)
手根中手関節(Carpometacarpal joints)
- 背側手根中手靱帯(Dorsal carpometacarpal ligaments)
- 掌側手根中手靱帯(Palmar carpometacarpal ligaments)
- 母指の手根中手関節(Carpometacarpal joint of thumb)
中手間関節(Intermetacarpal joints)
- 背側中手靱帯(Dorsal metacarpal ligaments)
- 掌側中手靱帯(Palmar metacarpal ligaments)
- 骨間中手靱帯(Interosseous metacarpal ligaments)
- 中手骨間隙(Interosseous metacarpal spaces)
中手指節関節(Metacarpophalangeal joints)
- 側副靱帯(Collateral ligaments)
- 掌側靱帯(Palmar ligaments)
- 深横中手靱帯(Deep transverse metacarpal ligament)
手の指節間関節(Interphalangeal joints of hand)
- 側副靱帯(Collateral ligaments)
- 掌側靱帯(Palmar ligaments)

下肢の連結(Joints of lower limb)
下肢帯の靱帯結合；骨盤帯の靱帯結合(Syndesmoses of pelvic girdle)
- 閉鎖膜(Obturator membrane)
- 閉鎖管(Obturator canal)
恥骨結合(Pubic symphysis)
- 恥骨間円板(Interpubic disc; Interpubic fibrocartilage)
  - 上恥骨靱帯(Superior pubic ligament)
  - 下恥骨靱帯(Inferior pubic ligament)
仙腸関節(Sacro-iliac joint)
- 前仙腸靱帯(Anterior sacro-iliac ligament)
- 骨間仙腸靱帯(Interosseous sacro-iliac ligament)
- 後仙腸靱帯(Posterior sacro-iliac ligament)
- 仙結節靱帯(Sacrotuberous ligament)
  - 鎌状突起(Falciform process)
- 仙棘靱帯(Sacrospinous ligament)
- 大坐骨孔(Greater sciatic foramen)
- 小坐骨孔(Lesser sciatic foramen)

自由下肢の連結(JOINTS OF FREE LOWER LIMB)
脛腓靱帯結合(Tibiofibular syndesmosis; Inferior tibiofibular joint)
- 下腿骨間膜(Interosseous membrane of leg)
- 前脛腓靱帯(Anterior tibiofibular ligament)
- 後脛腓靱帯(Posterior tibiofibular ligament)

自由下肢の関節(Synovial joints of free lower limb)

股関節(Hip joint)
- 輪帯(Zona orbicularis)
- 腸骨大腿靱帯(Iliofemoral ligament)
  - 横部(Transverse part)
  - 下行部(Descending part)
- 坐骨大腿靱帯(Ischiofemoral ligament)
- 恥骨大腿靱帯(Pubofemoral ligament)
- 関節唇(Acetabular labrum)
- 寛骨臼横靱帯(Transverse acetabular ligament)
- 大腿骨頭靱帯(Ligament of head of femur)
膝関節(Knee joint)
- 外側半月(Lateral meniscus)
  - 前半月大腿靱帯(Anterior meniscofemoral ligament)
  - 後半月大腿靱帯(Posterior meniscofemoral ligament)
- 内側半月(Medial meniscus)
- 膝横靱帯(Transverse ligament of knee)
  - 前十字靱帯(Anterior cruciate ligament)
  - 後十字靱帯(Posterior cruciate ligament)
- 膝蓋下滑膜ヒダ(Infrapatellar synovial fold)
  - 翼状ヒダ(Alar folds)
- 外側側副靱帯(Fibular collateral ligament)
- 内側側副靱帯(Tibial collateral ligament)
- 斜膝窩靱帯(Oblique popliteal ligament)
- 弓状膝窩靱帯(Arcuate popliteal ligament)
- 膝蓋靱帯(Patellar ligament)
- 内側膝蓋支帯(Medial patellar retinaculum)
- 外側膝蓋支帯(Lateral patellar retinaculum)
- 膝蓋下脂肪体(Infrapatellar fat pad)
脛腓関節(Tibiofibular joint; Superior tibiofibular joint)
- 前腓骨頭靱帯(Anterior ligament of fibular head)
- 後腓骨頭靱帯(Posterior ligament of fibular head)
足の関節(Joints of foot)
- 距腿関節(Ankle joint)
- 内側（三角）靱帯(Medial ligament; Deltoid ligament)
  - 脛舟部(Tibionavicular part)
  - 脛踵部(Tibiocalcaneal part)
  - 前脛距部(Anterior tibiotalar part)
  - 後脛距部(Posterior tibiotalar part)
- 外側側副靱帯；外側靱帯(Lateral ligament)
  - 前距腓靱帯(Anterior talofibular ligament)
  - 後距腓靱帯(Posterior talofibular ligament)
  - 踵腓靱帯(Calcaneofibular ligament)
距骨下関節(Subtalar joint; Talocalcaneal joint)
- 外側距踵靱帯(Lateral talocalcaneal ligament)
- 内側距踵靱帯(Medial talocalcaneal ligament)
- 後距踵靱帯(Posterior talocalcaneal ligament)
横足根関節(Transverse tarsal joint)
- 距踵舟関節(Talocalcaneonavicular joint)
  - 底側踵舟靱帯(Plantar calcaneonavicular ligament; Spring ligament)
- 踵立方関節(Calcaneocuboid joint)
楔舟関節(Cuneonavicular joint)
楔間関節(Intercuneiform joints)
足根靱帯(Tarsal ligaments)
- 骨間足根靱帯(Tarsal interosseous ligaments)
  - 骨間距踵靱帯(Talocalcaneal interosseus ligament)
  - 骨間楔立方靱帯(Cuneocuboid interosseous ligament)
- 骨間楔間靱帯(Intercuneiform interosseous ligaments)
- 背側足根靱帯(Dorsal tarsal ligaments)
  - 距舟靱帯(Talonavicular ligament)
  - 背側楔間靱帯(Dorsal intercuneiform ligament)
  - 背側楔立方靱帯(Dorsal cuneocuboid ligament)
  - 背側立方舟靱帯(Dorsal cuboideonavicular ligament)
  - 二分靱帯(Bifurcate ligament)
    - 踵舟靱帯(Calcaneonavicular ligament)
    - 踵立方靱帯(Calcaneocuboid ligament)
- 背側楔舟靱帯(Dorsal cuneonavicular ligament)
  - 背側踵立方靱帯(Dorsal calcaneocuboid ligament)
- 底側足根靱帯(Plantar tarsal ligaments)
  - 長足底靱帯(Long plantar ligament)
  - 底側踵立方靱帯(Plantar calcaneocuboid ligament; Short plantar ligament)
  - 底側楔舟靱帯(Plantar cuneonavicular ligaments)
  - 底側立方舟靱帯(Plantar cuboideonavicular ligament)
- 　底側楔間靱帯(Plantar intercuneiform ligaments)
  - 底側楔立方靱帯(Plantar cuneocuboid ligament)
足根中足関節(Tarsometatarsal joints)
- 背側足根中足靱帯(Dorsal tarsometatarsal ligaments)
- 底側足根中足靱帯(Plantar tarsometatarsal ligaments)
- 骨間楔中足靱帯(Cuneometatarsal interosseous ligaments)
中足間関節(Intermetatarsal joints)
- 骨間中足靱帯(Metatarsal interosseous ligaments)
- 背側中足靱帯(Dorsal metatarsal ligaments)
- 底側中足靱帯(Plantar metatarsal ligaments)
- 中足骨間隙(Intermetatarsal spaces)
中足趾(指)節関節(Metatarsophalangeal joints)
- 側副靱帯(Collateral ligaments)
- 底側靱帯(Plantar ligaments)
- 深横中足靱帯(Deep transverse metatarsal ligament)
趾(指)節間関節(Interphalangeal joints of foot)
- 側副靱帯(Collateral ligaments)
- 底側靱帯(Plantar ligaments)

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TA(1998)に基づく解剖学

A03_0_00_000

関節系；連結Joints; Articular system(Juncturae; Systema articulare)

関節系；連結(Articular system)